Numbers in Ancient and Proto-Languages

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This file lists the proto-languages I've collected (at various levels of time depth), as well as ancient languages important in reconstruction (e.g. Latin, Sanskrit, Classical Tibetan). In addition, where I don't have a proto-language for an important language family, I've sometimes included a modern language just for completeness' sake.

The order has been slightly altered from the main list. The groups said to belong to Nostratic (Indo-European, (South) Caucasian, Afro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Uralic, Altaic, Chukchi-Kamchatkan, and Eskimo) have been placed together; and, just below them, Ainu, which Greenberg adds to form Eurasiatic.

If you discover anything, please contact Joseph Greenberg immediately.


Indo-European
Proto-Indo- European+ *oynos / *sem *duwo: *treyes *kwetwores *penkwe *sweks *septm *okto: *newn *dekm
Old Germanic+ *ainaz *twai *thrijiz *petwor *fimfi *seks *sibum *ahto: *niwun *tehun
Old Norse+ einn tveir thrír fjórir fimm sex sjau átta níu tíu
Old Icelandic+ einn tueir thrír fiórer fimm sex siau átta nío tío
Gothic+ ains twai threis fidwor fimf saíhs sibun ahtau niun taíhun
Latin+ u:nus duo tre:s quattuor quinque sex septem octo: novem decem
Old Irish+ oín dal tri cethir cóic sechtn ochtn noín deichn
Mycenean Greek+ *hemei *dwo *tri- *quetro- *wex- *ennewo-
Classical Greek+ hei:s dúo: trei:s téttares pénte héx heptá októ: ennéa déka
Tocharian+ se wi trai s'twer pis' skas sukt okt ñu s'ak
Classical Armenian+ mi erk'u erekh chorkh hing vech evthn uth inn t'asn
Old Prussian+ ains dwai dessempts
Old Church Slavonic+ jedinu d'va tr'je chetyre pe,t' shest' sedm' osm' deve,t' dese,t'
Hittite+ da:- tri- meiu- shipta-
Avestan+ aeva- dva- thri- chathwa:ra: pañcha xshvash hapta ashta nava dasa
Old Persian+ aivaka- duviti:ya- th'ti:ya- navama-
Pahlavi+ e:vak do: si chaha:r panch shash haft hasht nuh dah
Sanskrit+ éka dvá trí catúr páñca s.as. saptá as.tá náva dáça
Prakrit+ ekko: do: tao: chatta:ri pañcha ch'a satta atta n.ava dasa
Pali+ eka dvi ti catu pañca cha satta attha nava dasa
Proto-Indo- European+ *oynos / *sem *duwo: *treyes *kwetwores *penkwe *sweks *septm *okto: *newn *dekm
Dravidian
Proto-Dravidian+ *oru *iru *muC *na:l *cayN *caru *eru *ettu *tol *pat(tu)
Caucasian
Georgian erti ori sami otxi xuti ekvsi shvidi rva cxra ati
Uralic
Proto-Finno-Ugric+ *ykte *kakte *kolm- *neljä- *vit(t)e kut(t)e
Altaic
Turkish bir iki üç dört bes, alti yedi sekiz dokuz on
Mongol nigen qoyar ghurban dorben tabun jirghughan dologhan naiman yisün arban
Gilyak
Gilyak (Nivkh) nin myen tyaqr nir t'or ngax ngamk minr n'in'ben mxo
Korean
Korean hana tul set net tasôt yôsôt ilgop yôdôl ahop yôl
Japanese
Classical Japanese+ pitö puta mi itu mu nana ya töwo
Afro-Asiatic
Akkadian+ ishte:n shena shalash erbe h.amish shishshu sebe sama:ne tishe esher
Phoenecian+ '-h.-d sh-n-m sh-l-sh '-r-b h.-m-sh sh-sh sh-b-' sh-m-n t-sh-' '-sh-r
Classical Hebrew+ 'ahat shtayim shâlôsh 'arba` hâmêsh shêsh sheba` shemôneh têsha` `eser
Aramaic+ tadh tere:yn tela:tha:h 'arebe'a:h xamesha:h shitha:h shi:Be'a:h tema:neya:h ti:she'a:h 'aserh
Classical Syriac+ h.adh tere:n tela:tha 'arbe'a: h.amsha: 'eshta: shab'a: tema:nia: tesh'a: 'eshra:
Egyptian+ w-`-w s-n-w-y h.-m-t-w y-f-d-w d-y-w s-y-s-w s-f-h.-w h.-m-n-w p-s-d-w m-d-w
Proto-Berber+ yn sn krad okkoz fuss fuss d yn fuss d sn fuss d krad addaw meraw meraw
Proto-HEC+ *mitto *lamo *sase *shoole *omute *leho *lamala *saddzee *honso *ton-me
Chukchi- Kamchatkan
Chukchi ennen ngireq ngeroq ngeraq metlengen ennenmetlengen mengghetken
Eskimo-Aleut
Proto-Eskimo+ *ataRuciR *malRugh *pingayut *citamat *tallimat *aRvinelegh *malRughneng aRvinelegh *ningayuneng aRvinelegh *qulengnguRutengit *qulet
Ainu
Ainu+ shine tu re ine ashikne iwan arawan tupesan shinepe-san wan
Burushashki
Burushashki hin a:ltan i:sken wa:lto cundo mishindo talo a:ltambo huncho to:rumo
Basque
Basque bat bi hiru lau bost sei zazpi zortzi bederatzi hamar
Etruscan
Etruscan+ thu zal ci huth makh sa semph cezp nutph s'ar
Sumerian
Sumerian+ desh min pesh lim i i-ash i-min i-us i-lim hu
Nilo-Saharan
Old Nubian+ ouer- ouo- tousko- kemso- dij- godeô- kolot- idouei dimed-
Niger-Congo
Proto-Edoid+ *i-ve *II-chaGI *-nie *ii-chiNenhi *-chaN *i-chie *nhINanhI *i-cienhi *gbeNi
Proto-Bantu-X+ *-mó *-bàdé *-tátò *-nà *-táánò *-kóm(ì,
Tai
Thai nyng2 song3 sa:m3 si:2 ha:4 hog2 ced2 ped2 kazh4 sib2
Austro-Asiatic
Vietnamese mô.t hai ba bô'n nâm sáu báy tám chín mu'ò'i
Mundari mid baria apia upunia mon.r.ea turuia ea írilia area gelea
Sino-Tibetan
Ancient Chinese+ 'iêt8 ñzhi6 sâm2 si6 nguo4 lyuk8 ts'yet7 pwat7 kyeu4 zhyep7
Classical Tibetan+ gtshig gñis gsum bzhi lnga drug bdun brgyad dgu btshu
Proto-Burmic+ *sum2 *nga2 *khyok *n'it *slit *ko2 *tshe1
Proto-Lolo+ nyi2 sum2 o2 nga2 kho'1 sei2 nye'1 go2 tsche1
Austronesian
Proto-Austronesian+ isa? dewsa telu xepate lima? eneme pitu? walu? siwa? puluque
Old Javanese+ tunggul rwa telu pat lima nem pitu uwalu sanga sapuluh
Almosan
Proto-Algonquian+ *nekotwi *ni:shwi *ne?thwi *nye:wi *nya:lanwi nekotwa:shika ne?shwa:shika meta:tahthe
Siouan
Dakota wancha nonpa yamni topa zaptan s'akpe s'akowin s'ahdoghan napchinwanka wikchemna
Iroquoian
Laurentian+ segada tigneny asche hannacon ouyscon aiaga judaié addegué wadellon assem
Na-Dené
Haida SGoansiñ stiñ lGunul stAnsiñ Le:il LGAnul dji:guaGa: stansAñxa LaAliñgisGoansiñGo La:Al
Navajo láa'ii naaki táá' dí,í, 'ashdla' hastá,á, tsosts'id tseebíí náhást'éí neeznáá
Aztec-Tanoan
Proto-Uto-Aztecan+ *simayV *woha *pahay *na-wo
Oto-Manguean
Zapotec to chope shone tap gueye' xop gazhe xon' ga shi
Penutian
Proto-Miwok+ *ken.e *oti *tel(.)o- *?oj.is-.a- *mas.o-k.a- *tem.o-k.a- *kene-k.a-k *kaw.in-ta- *wo?e- *na?a.-cha-
Proto-Mayan+ *xu:n *ka?- *?o:sh- *ka:ng- *ho?- *wahq- *huq- *waqshaq- *b'eleng- *laxung
Chibchan
Chibcha+ ata botsa mica muyca hycsa ta cuhubcua sutsa aca hubchihica
Paezan
Chimú+ onäk aput sopät nopät es'mäts tsaitsa ñite langäss tap na-pong
Andean
Proto-Quechua+ *suk *ishkay *kimsa *çusku, *tawa *pichqa *suqta *qançis *pusaq *isqun *çunka
Equatorial
Old Tupi+ oîepé mokõí mosapyr irundyk
Ge-Pano-Carib
Carib o:wiñ o:ko o:ruwa o:kopaime aiyato:ne o:wiñ- duwo:piima o:ko- tuwo:piima o:ruwa- tuwo:piima o:winapo:si- kï:rï aiyapato:ro
Indo-Pacific
Fore kánoné tarawe kakágawé taraye' taraye kíriné naya 'káno'empúné to náentisa káno 'umemaye to náentisa tara 'umemaye to náentisa tarayekánokirí 'umemayé to náentisa tarayetarayekirí 'úmemaye naya 'taraye empúné
Tasmanian+ marra(wa) p'a(wa)
Aka-Be-ada u:batu:l ik-paur e:d-a:r-u:ba:i: e:-i:ji-pagi a:r-du:ru
Pama-Nyungan
Gamilaraay+ maal bulaar gulibaa
Almean
Proto-Eastern+ *a:nu *duna *di:m *ba:ghor *pantu *swetsa *xayps *yoki *nebri *dekt
Wede:i+ bo yok s'ir tause pina bang bang boka bang yokka bang s'irka bang tauseka

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